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Culture Study #7 (Austronesia)

6/25/2012

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Cockfighting Culture of Austronesia.

Reference:
  1. http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/07/04/austronesian-people-origin-culture-gamecocks-weapons/
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Culture Study #6 (Ecuador)

6/21/2012

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Cockfighting Culture of Ecuador.
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.

The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.

Ecuador is a presidential republic and became independent in 1830, after having been part of the Spanish colonial empire and the republic of Gran Colombia. It is a medium-income country with an HDI score of 0.720 (2011).

Source:
  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador

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Culture Study #5 (Romania)

6/17/2012

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Horezu is a town located in Vâlcea County, Romania, about 43km from Râmnicu Vâlcea. The town administers six villages: Ifrimeşti, Râmeşti, Romanii de Jos, Romanii de Sus, Tănăseşti and Urşani.

The town is well known for its people who make pottery and present it at an annual fair. There are special traditions which have been well preserved. The town has about 7,000 inhabitants, most of them working in agriculture and services.

Horezu is the site of Horezu Monastery, a World Heritage Site.

The town of Horezu houses the largest ceramics fair in the country, “The Hurez Cock”, an event that takes place every year on the first Saturday and Sunday of June. The fair is attended by craftsmen from all the pottery centres across the country ( Horezu – Vâlcea, Oboga – Olt, Vlădesti – Vâlcea, Corund – Harghita, Baia Mare, Hunedoara, Timis, Marginea – Suceava, Lungeşti – Vâlcea, Slătioara – Vâlcea, Miercurea Nirajului, Odorheiul Secuiesc, and so on).


Source:
  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horezu
  2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horezu_Monastery
  3. http://surprising-romania.blogspot.com/2009/06/horezu-rooster.html
  4. http://www.rounite.com/2008/07/04/horezu-pottery/
  5. http://www.pantravel.ro/circuite/circuit4/html/en4.html
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Culture Study #4 (United States) #2

6/16/2012

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United States Founded By Freedom Loving Cockfighters.

Cockfighting Culture in United States.

Animal farming and animal sports.

References:
  1. A Ban on Cockfighting, but Tradition Lives On
  2. Cockfighting on Web Enters Legal Arena
  3. Why do people want to mess with an American History?
  4. Cockfighting Will Be Legalized In All of the United States in 10 Years (Cockfighting is an Individual Liberty)
  5. Hawaii Legislature Adopts Resolutions For Cockfighting
  6. A Cockfighter and Liberty Hero in Hawaii
  7. The cockfighters of Oklahoma are waking up, standing up and speaking up, we’ve got our legislators attention and they are listening
  8. Abraham Lincoln’s Cockfighting Quote
  9. World Series of Long Heel Competition
  10. American Cockfighting Rules and Weapons
  11. Do you know that Gamecock lost by only one vote to Bald Eagle?
  12. The Blue Hen Chicken became Delaware’s Official State Bird on April 14, 1939
  13. Take The Blue Hen Challenge at University of Delaware Research Kid’s Corner
  14. Thomas Jefferson’s Inalienable Rights Quote
  15. Honest Abe, cockfighting, and the Constitution
  16. West Virginia Association for Gamecock Sports
  17. West Virginia, Mixed Martial Arts, & Cockfighting
  18. Steve King (Cockfighting Supporter) and KingWatch.Org (A Website Against Him)
  19. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: HBJ is Looking for Materials and Contributions From You
  20. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: First Research Material (Written By Two University Professors)
  21. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: First Contribution From A Cockfighter
  22. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: Second Contribution From A Cockfighter and Reader of Our Site
  23. John Adams’ Liberty Quote
  24. Legalize Cockfighting In The U.S. Petition Signatories and Their Comments
  25. Prohibition vs Marijuana vs Cockfighting Ban
  26. “It is not a bad sport, legal or illegal.” – Bishop Joseph B. Cheshire
  27. Cockfighter: Movie Released 1974
  28. Alabama Gamefowl Breeders Association vs The Humane Society of the United States
  29. Iowa Governor Terry Branstad Signs Law Against Farm Terrorism By Animal Rights
  30. Nebraska Governor Dave Heineman: “HSUS Are Bad Guys Looking To Destroy The Cattle Industry.”
  31. Iowa Congressman Steve King: “HSUS Is Dishonest And Undisputed Enemy Of Livestock And Feed Grain Production.”
  32. Missouri HB1513 and Representative Ward Franz: “The rights of animal owners are clearly under attack by groups like HSUS and PETA”
  33. California: ConstitutionalSheriffs.com, CountySheriffProject.org, SupportRuralAmerica.com, DefendRuralAmerica.com
  34. Missouri House of Representative Bill Reiboldt and Missouri agriculture, farmers, and sportsmen
  35. American Soybean Association delegates went on record opposing the actions of HSUS, PETA
  36. Florida Journalist Fred Grimm: “Cockfighters, hire yourselves a lobbyist. Your time has come.”
  37. Novelist J. Neil Schulman: The Illogic of Animal Rights
  38. Novelist J. Neil Schulman: Fifty Things Animals Can’t Do
  39. YoUDee of University of Delaware
  40. Cockfighting is as American as apple pie, Milk Dairy Game Club
  41. American Gamefowl Defense Network: Policy Statement
  42. Missouri Will Soon Join Iowa and Utah To Ban Secret Livestock Video
  43. Not Chicken Enough
  44. Cockfighting: National Sport in eighteenth-century America?
  45. Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act: A Law Supporting Cockfighters
  46. National Animal Interest Alliance: An Ally of Cockfighters?
  47. Missouri Senator Brian Munzlinger: “HSUS attack against agriculture and way of life”
  48. Cockfighting, Sports Betting, Parimutuel Betting, American Gaming Association
  49. Nebraska: Support farmers, not lobbyists
  50. National Animal Interest Alliance Do Not Support Cockfighting
  51. Animal Agriculture Alliance advocates for proper “animal welfare”, not “animal rights”
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Culture Study #4 (United States)

6/15/2012

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Picture
Cockfighting Culture in United States.

Animal farming and animal sports.

References:
  1. A Ban on Cockfighting, but Tradition Lives On
  2. Cockfighting on Web Enters Legal Arena
  3. Why do people want to mess with an American History?
  4. Cockfighting Will Be Legalized In All of the United States in 10 Years (Cockfighting is an Individual Liberty)
  5. Hawaii Legislature Adopts Resolutions For Cockfighting
  6. A Cockfighter and Liberty Hero in Hawaii
  7. The cockfighters of Oklahoma are waking up, standing up and speaking up, we’ve got our legislators attention and they are listening
  8. Abraham Lincoln’s Cockfighting Quote
  9. World Series of Long Heel Competition
  10. American Cockfighting Rules and Weapons
  11. Do you know that Gamecock lost by only one vote to Bald Eagle?
  12. The Blue Hen Chicken became Delaware’s Official State Bird on April 14, 1939
  13. Take The Blue Hen Challenge at University of Delaware Research Kid’s Corner
  14. Thomas Jefferson’s Inalienable Rights Quote
  15. Honest Abe, cockfighting, and the Constitution
  16. West Virginia Association for Gamecock Sports
  17. West Virginia, Mixed Martial Arts, & Cockfighting
  18. Steve King (Cockfighting Supporter) and KingWatch.Org (A Website Against Him)
  19. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: HBJ is Looking for Materials and Contributions From You
  20. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: First Research Material (Written By Two University Professors)
  21. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: First Contribution From A Cockfighter
  22. Sociological Approach on Cockfighting by a University Student: Second Contribution From A Cockfighter and Reader of Our Site
  23. John Adams’ Liberty Quote
  24. Legalize Cockfighting In The U.S. Petition Signatories and Their Comments
  25. Prohibition vs Marijuana vs Cockfighting Ban
  26. “It is not a bad sport, legal or illegal.” – Bishop Joseph B. Cheshire
  27. Cockfighter: Movie Released 1974
  28. Alabama Gamefowl Breeders Association vs The Humane Society of the United States
  29. Iowa Governor Terry Branstad Signs Law Against Farm Terrorism By Animal Rights
  30. Nebraska Governor Dave Heineman: “HSUS Are Bad Guys Looking To Destroy The Cattle Industry.”
  31. Iowa Congressman Steve King: “HSUS Is Dishonest And Undisputed Enemy Of Livestock And Feed Grain Production.”
  32. Missouri HB1513 and Representative Ward Franz: “The rights of animal owners are clearly under attack by groups like HSUS and PETA”
  33. California: ConstitutionalSheriffs.com, CountySheriffProject.org, SupportRuralAmerica.com, DefendRuralAmerica.com
  34. Missouri House of Representative Bill Reiboldt and Missouri agriculture, farmers, and sportsmen
  35. American Soybean Association delegates went on record opposing the actions of HSUS, PETA
  36. Florida Journalist Fred Grimm: “Cockfighters, hire yourselves a lobbyist. Your time has come.”
  37. Novelist J. Neil Schulman: The Illogic of Animal Rights
  38. Novelist J. Neil Schulman: Fifty Things Animals Can’t Do
  39. YoUDee of University of Delaware
  40. Cockfighting is as American as apple pie, Milk Dairy Game Club
  41. American Gamefowl Defense Network: Policy Statement
  42. Missouri Will Soon Join Iowa and Utah To Ban Secret Livestock Video
  43. Not Chicken Enough
  44. Cockfighting: National Sport in eighteenth-century America?
  45. Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act: A Law Supporting Cockfighters
  46. National Animal Interest Alliance: An Ally of Cockfighters?
  47. Missouri Senator Brian Munzlinger: “HSUS attack against agriculture and way of life”
  48. Cockfighting, Sports Betting, Parimutuel Betting, American Gaming Association
  49. Nebraska: Support farmers, not lobbyists
  50. National Animal Interest Alliance Do Not Support Cockfighting
  51. Animal Agriculture Alliance advocates for proper “animal welfare”, not “animal rights”
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Culture Study #3 (Bali, Indonesia)

6/14/2012

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Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island. The province covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the isle of Bali.

With a population recorded as 3,891,428 in the 2010 census, the island is home to most of Indonesia's Hindu minority. In the 2000 census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.

Source:
  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali

References:
  1. http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/bali-vacation-and-cockfighting/
  2. http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/04/17/quick-guide-on-balinese-cockfighting/
  3. http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/04/16/tabuh-rah-tajen-cockfighting-for-religious-purpose-in-bali-is-every-210-days/
  4. http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/04/08/tajen-taji-rules-and-overview-of-bali-indonesia-cockfighting/
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Culture Study #2 (Afghanistan)

6/14/2012

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The Sports of Cockfighting in Afghanistan became legal again after the Taliban were removed from power during the "war on terrorism".
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Afghanistan i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.

Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.

The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan begins in 1709 with the rise of the Pashtuns, when the Hotaki dynasty was established in Kandahar followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between the British and Russian empires. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 and the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, King Amanullah started modernization of the country. During the Cold War, after the withdrawal of the British from neighboring India in 1947, the United States and the Soviet Union began spreading their influence in Afghanistan. Between 1979 and 1989, the country experienced a major war between the US-backed mujahideen forces and the Soviet-backed Afghan government in which over a million Afghans lost their lives mainly due to land-mines. This was followed by the 1990s Afghan civil war, the rise and fall of the extremist Taliban government and the 2001-present war. In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council authorized the creation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help maintain security in Afghanistan and assist the Karzai administration.

The decades of war made Afghanistan the world's most dangerous country, including the largest producer of refugees and asylum seekers. While the international community is rebuilding war-torn Afghanistan, terrorist groups such as the Haqqani Network and Hezbi Islami are actively involved in a nationwide Taliban-led insurgency, which includes hundreds of assassinations and suicide attacks. According to the United Nations, the insurgents were responsible for 75% of civilian casualties in 2010 and 80% in 2011.

Source:
  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan
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Culture Study #1 (East Timor)

6/13/2012

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The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timor i/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.

East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.

East Timor has a lower-middle-income economy. It continues to suffer the aftereffects of a decades-long independence struggle against Indonesia, which damaged infrastructure and displaced thousands of civilians. It is placed 147th by Human Development Index (HDI).

Source:
  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor
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Biology Study #3: Chicken Embryo

6/13/2012

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The Timing of Major Embryonic Developments

Before Egg Laying
Fertilization
Division and growth of living cells
Segregation of cells into groups of special function (gastrulation)

Between Laying and Incubation
Virtually no growth. Stage of inactive embryonic life

During Incubation

Day 1
Development of area pellucida and area opaca of blastoderm.
Major developments visible under microscope:
18 hours, appearance of alimentary tract
19 hours, beginning of brain crease
20 hours, appearance of vertebral column
21 hours, beginning of formation of brain and nervous system
22 hours, beginning of formation of head
23 hours, appearance of blood islands
24 hours, beginning of formation of eyes

Day 2
Embryo begins to turn on left side. Blood vessels appear in the yolk sac. Major developments visible under microscope:
25 hours, beginning of formation of veins and heart
30 hours, second, third and fourth vesicles of brain clearly defined, as is heart, which now starts to beat
35 hours, beginning of formation of ear pits
36 hours, first sign of amnion
46 hours, formation of throat

Day 3
Formation of nose, wings, legs, and allantois begins. Amnion completely surrounds embryo.

Day 4
Formation of tongue begins. Embryo completely separate from yolk sac and turned on left side. Allantois breaks through amnion.

Day 5
Proventriculus and gizzard formed. Formation of reproductive organs and sex determined.

Day 6
Formation of beak and egg-tooth begins. Main division of legs and wings. Voluntary movement begins.

Day 7
Indications of digits in legs and wings are visible. Abdomen more prominent due to development of viscera.

Day 8
Formation of feathers begins.

Day 9
Embryo begins to look bird-like. Mouth opening appears.

Day 10
Beak starts to harden. Skin pores visible to naked eye. Digits completely separated.

Day 12
Toes fully formed. First feathers appear.

Day 13
Scales and claws appear. Body fairly well covered with feathers.

Day 14
Embryo turns its head towards blunt end of egg.

Day 15
Small intestines taken into body.

Day 16
Scales, claws and beak becoming firm and horny. Embryo fully covered with feathers. Albumen nearly gone and yolk increasingly important as nutrient.

Day 17
Beak turns toward air cell, amniotic fluid decreases, and embryo begins preparation for hatching.

Day 18
Growth of embryo nearly complete.

Day 19
Yolk sac draws into body cavity through umbilicus. Embryo occupies most of space within egg except air cell.

Day 20
Yolk sac completely drawn into body cavity. Embryo becomes chick, breaks amnion, starts breathing air in air cell Allantois ceases to function and starts to dry up.

Day 21
Chick hatches!


Source:
  1. http://www.ultimatefowl.com/wiki/index.php?title=The_Timing_of_Major_Embryonic_Developments
  2. http://www.ultimatefowl.com/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=392
  3. http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryology/
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Biology Study #2: Chicken Egg

6/12/2012

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SHELL

Bumpy and grainy in texture, an eggshell is covered with as many as 17,000 tiny pores. Eggshell is made almost entirely of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. It is a semipermeable membrane, which means that air and moisture can pass through its pores. The shell also has a thin outermost coating called the bloom or cuticle that helps keep out bacteria and dust.

INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANES

Lying between the eggshell and egg white, these two transparent protein membranes provide efficient defense against bacterial invasion. If you give these layers a tug, you’ll find they’re surprisingly strong. They’re made partly of keratin, a protein that’s also in human hair.AIR CELLAn air space forms when the contents of the egg cool and contract after the egg is laid. The air cell usually rests between the outer and inner membranes at the egg’s larger end, and it accounts for the crater you often see at the end of a hard-cooked egg. The air cell grows larger as an egg ages.

ALBUMEN

The egg white is known as the albumen, which comes from albus, the Latin word for “white.” Four alternating layers of thick and thin albumen contain approximately 40 different proteins, the main components of the egg white in addition to water.

CHALAZAE

Opaque ropes of egg white, the chalazae hold the yolk in the center of the egg. Like little anchors, they attach the yolk’s casing to the membrane lining the eggshell. The more prominent they are, the fresher the egg.

VITELLINE MEMBRANE

The clear casing that encloses the yolk.

YOLK

The yolk contains less water and more protein than the white, some fat, and most of the vitamins and minerals of the egg. These include iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, phosphorus, calcium, thiamine, and riboflavin. The yolk is also a source of lecithin, an effective emulsifier. Yolk color ranges from just a hint of yellow to a magnificent deep orange, according to the feed and breed of the hen.

EGG CELL

This part would develop into a baby chick if it were to be fertilized.

AIR POCKET

The air pocket grows as water is released. The smaller the air pocket, the fresher the egg.


References:
  1. http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/chicken/
  2. http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/eggcomposition.html
  3. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Zoo_p046.shtml
  4. http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/farm/chickens/chicken_eggs.html
  5. http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/embryology/chicken/
  • A hen requires 24 to 26 hours to produce an egg. Thirty minutes later, she starts all over again.
  • Eggs age more in one day at room temperature than in one week in the refrigerator. So keep them in the fridge.
  • The egg shell may have as many as 17,000 tiny pores over its surface. Through them, the egg can absorb flavours and odours. Storing them in their cartons helps keep them fresh.
  • White shelled eggs are produced by hens with white feathers and white ear lobes. Brown shelled eggs are produced by hens with red feathers and red ear lobes.
  • To tell if an egg is raw or hard-cooked, spin it. If the egg spins easily, it is hard-cooked, however, if it wobbles, it is raw, so do not drop it.
  • If an egg is accidentally dropped on the floor, sprinkle it heavily with salt for easy clean up.
  • Egg yolks are one of the few foods that naturally contain Vitamin D.
  • Yolk colour depends on the diet of the hen. Natural yellow-orange substances such as marigold petals may be added to light-coloured feeds to enhance colours. Artificial colour additives are not permitted.
  • Occasionally, a hen will produce double-yolked eggs throughout her egg-laying career. It is rare, but not unusual, for a young hen to produce an egg with no yolk at all.
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